In addition to case marking, there are also the characteristic Uto-Aztecan "absolutive" suffixes, which appear when there is no other suffix. Both direct and indirect objects are marked with the suffix. In noun morphology, there are two cases: nominative and accusative. Adpositions can be prepositions or postpositions, and some are suffixed to nouns. In unstressed, word-medial or –final syllables, all vowels are dropped when following a nasal and preceding a plosive.Īffixes are almost all suffixes, and clitics too come word finally.In fast speech, vowels in unstressed syllables are frequently dropped.In unstressed, word-medial or –final syllables, becomes allophonically less tense.Word-initially, → if between a stressed vowel and.Word-final vowels, however, only receive offglides when preceding a stressed syllable-initial plosive or affricate. Stressed phrase- and word-final vowels can optionally acquire voiceless offglides.In phrase-initial syllables not followed immediately by a vowel,, or, unstressed vowels acquire length. ![]() Some writers spell as ⟨s⟩, ⟨sh⟩, respectively, while others spell them ⟨c⟩, ⟨s⟩, respectively. is an optional allophone of /s/ before, while is an optional allophone of /t͡ʃ/ before. Both allophones occur phrase-initially, but the trilled allophone is much more common. The phoneme /r/ has two allophones: a trilled and a forward-flapped variation. There are four fricative phonemes, two voiced and two voiceless but the voiced fricatives both have a plosive allophone:, and, respectively. Phonemically, all plosive consonants are voiceless. Additionally, occurs as an allophone of /a/ word-initially and between a stressed close vowel and the glottal stop. Rarámuri has five vowel phonemes: /a, e, i, o, u/. The following description is based on Burgess (1984) unless otherwise noted. Currently, only 1% of the speakers are literate in their language, while 20% of them are literate in Spanish. At the same time, Spanish is becoming ever more prevalent in Indigenous communities. According to Ethnologue, Spanish speakers who live near or among the Tarahumara often use it in commerce as well. The language is used in primary schools and local administration as well as in traditional religious practices and local business transactions. The figure of 40,000 is cited as an being official census figure from 1996. The five dialects recognized by Ethnologue, with Ethnologue's own current designations and population estimates, are Western (40,000 speakers) Central (55,000, including 10,000 monolinguals) Northern (300) Southeastern (no estimate given) and Southwestern (100). As of 2011, Ethnologue splits Eastern into four dialects. The landscape of the area is dominated almost entirely by the Sierra Madre Occidental, a mountain range in western Mexico. The five divisions tentatively recognized by the Mexican government are not the same ones proposed by Ethnologue. Mexican researchers emphasize that the knowledge of Rarámuri dialects is still patchy, and they say there is a possibility that there are many more than five dialects. There is no consensus among specialists on the number of dialects: competing proposals include two (Western and Eastern) four (Western, Northern, Southern, Eastern) and five, according to field surveys conducted in the 1990s by linguists working for the Mexican government and Ethnologue. Rarámuri is spoken by 70,000 or more Indigenous Mexicans living in the state of Chihuahua. It is now grouped in a Tarahumaran group along with its closest linguistic relative, the Guarijío language (Varihio, Huarijío), which is also spoken in the Sierra Madre Occidental. Tarahumara was previously considered to belong to the Taracahitic group of the Uto-Aztecan languages, but this grouping is no longer considered valid. The Tarahumara language (native name Rarámuri/Ralámuli ra'ícha "people language" ) is a Mexican Indigenous language of the Uto-Aztecan language family spoken by around 70,000 Tarahumara (Rarámuri/Ralámuli) people in the state of Chihuahua, according to a 2002 census conducted by the government of Mexico. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Tarahumara is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
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